zpool —
configure ZFS storage pools
zpool |
subcommand
[arguments ] |
The
zpool command configures ZFS storage
pools. A storage pool is a collection of devices that provides physical
storage and data replication for ZFS datasets. All datasets within a storage
pool share the same space. See
zfs(8) for
information on managing datasets.
For an overview of creating and managing ZFS storage pools see the
zpoolconcepts(7) manual page.
All subcommands that modify state are logged persistently to the pool in their
original form.
The
zpool command provides subcommands to
create and destroy storage pools, add capacity to storage pools, and provide
information about the storage pools. The following subcommands are supported:
zpool
-?- Displays a help message.
zpool
-V,
--version-
zpool
version- Displays the software version of the
zpool userland utility and the ZFS
kernel module.
- zpool-create(8)
- Creates a new storage pool containing the virtual devices specified on the
command line.
- zpool-initialize(8)
- Begins initializing by writing to all unallocated regions on the specified
devices, or all eligible devices in the pool if no individual devices are
specified.
- zpool-destroy(8)
- Destroys the given pool, freeing up any devices for other use.
- zpool-labelclear(8)
- Removes ZFS label information from the specified
device.
- zpool-attach(8)/zpool-detach(8)
- Increases or decreases redundancy by
attaching or
detaching a device on an existing vdev
(virtual device).
- zpool-add(8)/zpool-remove(8)
- Adds the specified virtual devices to the given pool, or removes the
specified device from the pool.
- zpool-replace(8)
- Replaces an existing device (which may be faulted) with a new one.
- zpool-split(8)
- Creates a new pool by splitting all mirrors in an existing pool (which
decreases its redundancy).
Available pool properties listed in the
zpoolprops(7) manual page.
- zpool-list(8)
- Lists the given pools along with a health status and space usage.
- zpool-get(8)/zpool-set(8)
- Retrieves the given list of properties (or all properties if
all is used) for the specified storage
pool(s).
- zpool-status(8)
- Displays the detailed health status for the given pools.
- zpool-iostat(8)
- Displays logical I/O statistics for the given pools/vdevs. Physical I/O
operations may be observed via
iostat(1).
- zpool-events(8)
- Lists all recent events generated by the ZFS kernel modules. These events
are consumed by the zed(8) and used to
automate administrative tasks such as replacing a failed device with a hot
spare. That manual page also describes the subclasses and event payloads
that can be generated.
- zpool-history(8)
- Displays the command history of the specified pool(s) or all pools if no
pool is specified.
- zpool-scrub(8)
- Begins a scrub or resumes a paused scrub.
- zpool-checkpoint(8)
- Checkpoints the current state of pool,
which can be later restored by
zpool
import
--rewind-to-checkpoint.
- zpool-trim(8)
- Initiates an immediate on-demand TRIM operation for all of the free space
in a pool. This operation informs the underlying storage devices of all
blocks in the pool which are no longer allocated and allows thinly
provisioned devices to reclaim the space.
- zpool-sync(8)
- This command forces all in-core dirty data to be written to the primary
pool storage and not the ZIL. It will also update administrative
information including quota reporting. Without arguments,
zpool
sync will sync all pools on the system.
Otherwise, it will sync only the specified pool(s).
- zpool-upgrade(8)
- Manage the on-disk format version of storage pools.
- zpool-wait(8)
- Waits until all background activity of the given types has ceased in the
given pool.
- zpool-offline(8)/zpool-online(8)
- Takes the specified physical device offline or brings it online.
- zpool-resilver(8)
- Starts a resilver. If an existing resilver is already running it will be
restarted from the beginning.
- zpool-reopen(8)
- Reopen all the vdevs associated with the pool.
- zpool-clear(8)
- Clears device errors in a pool.
- zpool-import(8)
- Make disks containing ZFS storage pools available for use on the
system.
- zpool-export(8)
- Exports the given pools from the system.
- zpool-reguid(8)
- Generates a new unique identifier for the pool.
The following exit values are returned:
- 0
- Successful completion.
- 1
- An error occurred.
- 2
- Invalid command line options were specified.
Example 1: Creating a RAID-Z Storage
Pool
The following command creates a pool with a single raidz root vdev that consists
of six disks:
#
zpool
create
tank raidz
sda sdb sdc sdd sde sdf
Example 2: Creating a Mirrored
Storage Pool
The following command creates a pool with two mirrors, where each mirror
contains two disks:
#
zpool
create
tank mirror
sda sdb mirror
sdc sdd
Example 3: Creating a ZFS Storage
Pool by Using Partitions
The following command creates a non-redundant pool using two disk partitions:
#
zpool
create
tank sda1
sdb2
Example 4: Creating a ZFS Storage
Pool by Using Files
The following command creates a non-redundant pool using files. While not
recommended, a pool based on files can be useful for experimental purposes.
#
zpool
create
tank
/path/to/file/a
/path/to/file/b
Example 5: Adding a Mirror to a ZFS
Storage Pool
The following command adds two mirrored disks to the pool
tank, assuming the pool is already made up of
two-way mirrors. The additional space is immediately available to any datasets
within the pool.
#
zpool
add tank
mirror sda
sdb
Example 6: Listing Available ZFS
Storage Pools
The following command lists all available pools on the system. In this case, the
pool
zion is faulted due to a missing device.
The results from this command are similar to the following:
# zpool list
NAME SIZE ALLOC FREE EXPANDSZ FRAG CAP DEDUP HEALTH ALTROOT
rpool 19.9G 8.43G 11.4G - 33% 42% 1.00x ONLINE -
tank 61.5G 20.0G 41.5G - 48% 32% 1.00x ONLINE -
zion - - - - - - - FAULTED -
Example 7: Destroying a ZFS Storage
Pool
The following command destroys the pool
tank
and any datasets contained within:
#
zpool
destroy
-f
tank
Example 8: Exporting a ZFS Storage
Pool
The following command exports the devices in pool
tank so that they can be relocated or later
imported:
#
zpool
export
tank
Example 9: Importing a ZFS Storage
Pool
The following command displays available pools, and then imports the pool
tank for use on the system. The results from
this command are similar to the following:
# zpool import
pool: tank
id: 15451357997522795478
state: ONLINE
action: The pool can be imported using its name or numeric identifier.
config:
tank ONLINE
mirror ONLINE
sda ONLINE
sdb ONLINE
# zpool import tank
Example 10: Upgrading All ZFS Storage
Pools to the Current Version
The following command upgrades all ZFS Storage pools to the current version of
the software:
# zpool upgrade -a
This system is currently running ZFS version 2.
Example 11: Managing Hot
Spares
The following command creates a new pool with an available hot spare:
#
zpool
create
tank mirror
sda sdb spare
sdc
If one of the disks were to fail, the pool would be reduced to the degraded
state. The failed device can be replaced using the following command:
#
zpool
replace
tank sda
sdd
Once the data has been resilvered, the spare is automatically removed and is
made available for use should another device fail. The hot spare can be
permanently removed from the pool using the following command:
#
zpool
remove
tank
sdc
Example 12: Creating a ZFS Pool with
Mirrored Separate Intent Logs
The following command creates a ZFS storage pool consisting of two, two-way
mirrors and mirrored log devices:
#
zpool
create
pool mirror
sda sdb mirror
sdc sdd log
mirror sde sdf
Example 13: Adding Cache Devices to a
ZFS Pool
The following command adds two disks for use as cache devices to a ZFS storage
pool:
#
zpool
add pool
cache sdc
sdd
Once added, the cache devices gradually fill with content from main memory.
Depending on the size of your cache devices, it could take over an hour for
them to fill. Capacity and reads can be monitored using the
iostat subcommand as follows:
#
zpool
iostat
-v pool
5
Example 14: Removing a Mirrored
top-level (Log or Data) Device
The following commands remove the mirrored log device
mirror-2 and mirrored top-level data device
mirror-1.
Given this configuration:
pool: tank
state: ONLINE
scrub: none requested
config:
NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM
tank ONLINE 0 0 0
mirror-0 ONLINE 0 0 0
sda ONLINE 0 0 0
sdb ONLINE 0 0 0
mirror-1 ONLINE 0 0 0
sdc ONLINE 0 0 0
sdd ONLINE 0 0 0
logs
mirror-2 ONLINE 0 0 0
sde ONLINE 0 0 0
sdf ONLINE 0 0 0
The command to remove the mirrored log
mirror-2
is:
#
zpool
remove tank
mirror-2
The command to remove the mirrored data
mirror-1 is:
#
zpool
remove tank
mirror-1
Example 15: Displaying expanded space
on a device
The following command displays the detailed information for the pool
data. This pool is comprised of a single
raidz vdev where one of its devices increased its capacity by 10 GiB. In this
example, the pool will not be able to utilize this extra capacity until all
the devices under the raidz vdev have been expanded.
# zpool list -v data
NAME SIZE ALLOC FREE EXPANDSZ FRAG CAP DEDUP HEALTH ALTROOT
data 23.9G 14.6G 9.30G - 48% 61% 1.00x ONLINE -
raidz1 23.9G 14.6G 9.30G - 48%
sda - - - - -
sdb - - - 10G -
sdc - - - - -
Example 16: Adding output
columns
Additional columns can be added to the
zpool
status and
zpool
iostat output with
-c.
# zpool status -c vendor,model,size
NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM vendor model size
tank ONLINE 0 0 0
mirror-0 ONLINE 0 0 0
U1 ONLINE 0 0 0 SEAGATE ST8000NM0075 7.3T
U10 ONLINE 0 0 0 SEAGATE ST8000NM0075 7.3T
U11 ONLINE 0 0 0 SEAGATE ST8000NM0075 7.3T
U12 ONLINE 0 0 0 SEAGATE ST8000NM0075 7.3T
U13 ONLINE 0 0 0 SEAGATE ST8000NM0075 7.3T
U14 ONLINE 0 0 0 SEAGATE ST8000NM0075 7.3T
# zpool iostat -vc size
capacity operations bandwidth
pool alloc free read write read write size
---------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----
rpool 14.6G 54.9G 4 55 250K 2.69M
sda1 14.6G 54.9G 4 55 250K 2.69M 70G
---------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----
- ZFS_ABORT
- Cause
zpool to dump core on exit for
the purposes of running ::findleaks.
- ZFS_COLOR
- Use ANSI color in
zpool
status output.
- ZPOOL_IMPORT_PATH
- The search path for devices or files to use with the pool. This is a
colon-separated list of directories in which
zpool looks for device nodes and files.
Similar to the -d option in
zpool import.
- ZPOOL_IMPORT_UDEV_TIMEOUT_MS
- The maximum time in milliseconds that
zpool
import will wait for an expected device to be available.
- ZPOOL_STATUS_NON_NATIVE_ASHIFT_IGNORE
- If set, suppress warning about non-native vdev ashift in
zpool
status. The value is not used, only the
presence or absence of the variable matters.
- ZPOOL_VDEV_NAME_GUID
- Cause
zpool subcommands to output vdev
guids by default. This behavior is identical to the
zpool
status
-g command line option.
- ZPOOL_VDEV_NAME_FOLLOW_LINKS
- Cause
zpool subcommands to follow links
for vdev names by default. This behavior is identical to the
zpool
status
-L command line option.
- ZPOOL_VDEV_NAME_PATH
- Cause
zpool subcommands to output full
vdev path names by default. This behavior is identical to the
zpool
status
-P command line option.
- ZFS_VDEV_DEVID_OPT_OUT
- Older OpenZFS implementations had issues when attempting to display pool
config vdev names if a devid NVP value is
present in the pool's config.
For example, a pool that originated on illumos platform would have a
devid value in the config and
zpool
status would fail when listing the
config. This would also be true for future Linux-based pools.
A pool can be stripped of any devid values on
import or prevented from adding them on
zpool
create or
zpool
add by setting
ZFS_VDEV_DEVID_OPT_OUT.
- ZPOOL_SCRIPTS_AS_ROOT
- Allow a privileged user to run
zpool
status/iostat
-c. Normally, only unprivileged users
are allowed to run -c.
- ZPOOL_SCRIPTS_PATH
- The search path for scripts when running
zpool
status/iostat
-c. This is a colon-separated list of
directories and overrides the default
~/.zpool.d and
/etc/zfs/zpool.d search paths.
- ZPOOL_SCRIPTS_ENABLED
- Allow a user to run
zpool
status/iostat
-c. If
ZPOOL_SCRIPTS_ENABLED is not set, it is
assumed that the user is allowed to run
zpool
status/iostat
-c.
- ZFS_MODULE_TIMEOUT
- Time, in seconds, to wait for /dev/zfs
to appear. Defaults to 10, max
600 (10 minutes). If
<0, wait forever; if
0, don't wait.
Evolving
zfs(4),
zpool-features(7),
zpoolconcepts(7),
zpoolprops(7),
zfs(8),
zpool-add(8),
zpool-attach(8),
zpool-checkpoint(8),
zpool-clear(8),
zpool-create(8),
zpool-destroy(8),
zpool-detach(8),
zpool-events(8),
zpool-export(8),
zpool-get(8),
zpool-history(8),
zpool-import(8),
zpool-initialize(8),
zpool-iostat(8),
zpool-labelclear(8),
zpool-list(8),
zpool-offline(8),
zpool-online(8),
zpool-reguid(8),
zpool-remove(8),
zpool-reopen(8),
zpool-replace(8),
zpool-resilver(8),
zpool-scrub(8),
zpool-set(8),
zpool-split(8),
zpool-status(8),
zpool-sync(8),
zpool-trim(8),
zpool-upgrade(8),
zpool-wait(8)